Sunburn is an acute inflammatory response to overexposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, leading to direct DNA damage, apoptosis of keratinocytes, and immune cell activation. Clinically, it presents as erythema, pain, swelling, and in severe cases, blistering. UVB radiation causes the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which trigger inflammation and immune suppression. Additionally, UVA […]
Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense pruritus, erythema, xerosis, and in some cases, oozing or crusting lesions. It often begins in early childhood and is closely linked to a defective skin barrier and immune dysregulation. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG), which plays a key role in […]
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects the central face and is characterized by persistent redness (erythema), flushing, visible blood vessels (telangiectasia), papules, and pustules. It often begins after the age of 30 and is more prevalent in individuals with fair skin, though it can affect all skin types. The pathophysiology involves […]
Hyperpigmentation refers to an overproduction or irregular distribution of melanin, the skin’s natural pigment, often resulting in dark patches or spots. This condition may stem from various factors such as chronic sun exposure (solar lentigines), hormonal changes (melasma), inflammation (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation), and skin injuries like acne or eczema. Melanogenesis, the process of melanin production, is […]
Dry skin, or xerosis, results from a compromised stratum corneum barrier that leads to transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and insufficient retention of moisture within the epidermis. The skin’s natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), such as urea, lactic acid, and amino acids, along with intercellular lipids like ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, are essential in maintaining […]
Wrinkles are visible signs of skin aging that result from both intrinsic factors (natural aging) and extrinsic factors (primarily UV exposure). Intrinsically, as we age, fibroblast activity declines, leading to reduced synthesis of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid—key components responsible for skin firmness and hydration. The dermoepidermal junction flattens, and the extracellular matrix becomes disorganized, […]
Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, predominantly affecting adolescents but often persisting into adulthood. It is primarily driven by four key factors: increased sebum production, abnormal follicular keratinization, colonization by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), and a subsequent inflammatory response. Hormonal fluctuations, particularly elevated androgens, stimulate sebaceous gland activity […]
Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by intrinsic (chronological) and extrinsic (environmental) factors. Intrinsic aging is genetically programmed and characterized by a gradual decline in cellular activity, reduced turnover of keratinocytes, and fibroblast dysfunction. This leads to decreased production of structural proteins such as collagen type I and III, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. […]
